冻伤形成的原因是什么？
冻伤是因为皮肤长期暴露在低温环境下引起的皮肤损伤（通常是低于32华氏度，注意不是摄氏度，按照计算貌似是等于0℃）当皮肤表面或者是更深层肌肤组织受冻时，就会形成冻伤。长发的部位有手指、手部、脚趾、脚部、耳朵、鼻子和脸颊。
冻伤的严重程度取决于很多个因素，如温度、皮肤暴露在冷空气中的时间、风寒因素、湿度和所穿的衣服。幼儿跟成人相比更容易冻伤是因为他们皮肤上的热量更容易流失并且常常在户外玩的不亦乐乎不肯回房间，就容易受冻。
什么是冻疮？
（译者语：我查不到frostnip和frostbite之间的区别到底是什么，也不懂该用什么样的词来形容更恰当，只能理解出前者比后者的程度要轻，所以暂且把前者称为“冻疮”，后者称为“冻伤”吧）
冻疮比冻伤的程度要轻一些，通常容易长冻疮的部位为脸颊、耳朵、鼻子、手指和脚趾。通常冻疮只需要在家里就可以得到好的护理。
冻伤的表现为：皮肤可能会满脸通红,感觉麻木或刺痛，一旦发现这样的情况，赶紧把你的孩子带回家，用热毛巾敷受冻的皮肤或者是把受冻的部位浸入到热水当中（100华氏度到105华氏度，译者计算为37.7°到40.5°，不知道是否正确，大家可以自行换算一遍）直到受冻部位温暖为止。不要用力揉搓皮肤，一旦冻伤或者温暖皮肤已经不起作用，立即打电话给你的医生。
冻伤的症状有哪些？
下面是常见的一些冻伤症状。然而，每个孩子都可能表现出不同的症状，包括：
皮肤发红紧接着变白，变硬，变肿
皮肤灼伤、刺痛、麻木
严重的冻伤会引起水泡或溃疡，也可能涉及更深层的组织。随着冻伤的严重，可能会引起组织死亡甚至是坏疽。
冻伤的有些表现可能会跟其他的情况或者是疾病混淆，所以要多咨询你的儿科医生让医生确诊一下到底是什么。
对冻伤的急救：根据医生对冻伤的范围和伤害程度的鉴定来采取特定的治疗方法，一般来说有以下几种：
保持温暖并平定宝宝的情绪。如果宝宝的脚冻伤了，就把宝宝背起来，别让孩子走路。
把孩子移到温暖的地方，并给他换上干的衣服。打电话给你的儿科医生或者带上立即带孩子去急救室。冻伤可能会造成严重的伤害，需要立即得到医疗，
同时等待医疗救助：给孩子一些温水或者用毯子把孩子包裹起来
用热毛巾敷受冻的部位或者是把受冻的部位浸入100华氏度到105华氏度的热水当中直到缓和过来。
不要用力揉搓皮肤
不要直接加热或者烤火
别用雪来温暖皮肤
如果手指或者脚趾也受到了影响，用洁净的纱布垫在手指或者脚趾之间。
不要弄破水泡
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What is frostbite?
Frostbite is damage to the skin from freezing and is due to prolonged exposure to cold temperatures, usually below 32° F. It occurs when ice crystals form in the skin or deeper tissue. The most common sites for frostbite are the fingers, hands, toes, feet, ears, nose, and cheeks. The severity depends on several factors including temperature, length of exposure, wind-chill factor, dampness, and type of clothing worn. Children are more prone to frostbite than adults because they lose heat from their skin faster and do not want to come inside when having fun playing outdoors.
What is frostnip?
Frostnip is less severe and affects the tips of the cheeks, ears, nose, fingers, and toes. It can usually be treated at home. The skin may be reddened and feel numb or tingly. If this occurs, bring your child inside and warm the skin by using warm compresses or immersing the area in warm water (100º F to 105º F) until sensation returns. Do not rub or massage the skin. If symptoms of frostbite occur or warming the skin does not help, call your child's physician immediately.
What are the symptoms of frostbite?
The following are some of the most common symptoms of frostbite. However, each child may experience symptoms differently. Symptoms may include:
•skin is reddened and then becomes white, hard, and swollen
•skin burns, tingles or becomes numb
Severe frostbite can result in blisters or ulcers forming and may involve deeper tissues. As frostbite progresses, tissue death and gangrene may occur. The symptoms of frostbite may resemble other conditions and medical problems. Always consult your child's physician for a diagnosis.
First-aid for frostbite:
Specific treatment for frostbite will be determined by your child's physician based on the extent and severity of the injury. In general:
•Remain calm and reassure your child that you can help. If feet are affected, carry your child; do not allow him/her to walk.
•Move your child inside to a warm area and put him/her in dry clothes. Call your child's physician or take your child to the emergency room immediately. Frostbite can cause serious injury and needs immediate medical attention.
•While waiting for medical assistance:
◦Give your child something warm to drink and wrap a blanket around him/her.
◦Warm the skin by using warm compresses or immersing the area in warm water (100º F to 105º F) until sensation returns.
◦Do not rub or massage the skin.
◦Do not use direct heat such as heating pads or fires.
◦Do not place the frostbitten skin in snow to "warm" it.
◦Apply clean cotton or gauze between fingers and toes if they are affected.
◦Do not disturb any blisters.
